This book draws on the results of the Arctic TRANSFORM project, funded by the European Commission's Directorate General of External Relations (2008-2009), which engaged experts in a transatlantic discussion of five Arctic-related thematic areas: indigenous peoples, environmental governance, fisheries, offshore hydrocarbon activities, and shipping. Additional chapters integrate other research findings, namely on mega-projects and vulnerable areas requiring protection in the Arctic, and the role and economic, social and environmental impact of the European Union in the Arctic. The results are compiled according to the thematic areas, with a particular focus on policy options for the European Union to enhance its role in Arctic environmental governance. Discussions and results concluded in 2009 are updated with relevant information to 2012, thus providing the most current overview for practitioners and policy makers working to ensure sustainable development of the Arctic region.