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Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide


ISBN13: 9781841137711
Published: September 2008
Publisher: Hart Publishing
Country of Publication: UK
Format: Hardback
Price: £130.00



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Amnesty laws are political tools used since ancient times by states wishing to quell dissent, introduce reforms, or achieve peaceful relationships with their enemies. In recent years, they have become contentious due to a perception that they violate international law, particularly the rights of victims, and contribute to further violence.

This view is disputed by political negotiators who often argue that amnesty is a necessary price to pay in order to achieve a stable, peaceful, and equitable system of government. This book aims to investigate whether an amnesty necessarily entails a violation of a state's international obligations, or whether an amnesty, accompanied by alternative justice mechanisms, can in fact contribute positively to both peace and justice.

This study began by constructing an extensive Amnesty Law Database that contains information on 506 amnesty processes in 130 countries introduced since the Second World War. The database and chapter structure were designed to correspond with the key aspects of an amnesty: why it was introduced, who benefited from its protection, which crimes it covered, and whether it was conditional. In assessing conditional amnesties, related transitional justice processes such as selective prosecutions, truth commissions, community-based justice mechanisms, lustration, and reparations programmes were considered. Subsequently, the jurisprudence relating to amnesty from national courts, international tribunals, and courts in third states was addressed.

The information gathered revealed considerable disparity in state practice relating to amnesties, with some aiming to provide victims with a remedy, and others seeking to create complete impunity for perpetrators. To date, few legal trends relating to amnesty laws are emerging, although it appears that amnesties offering blanket, unconditional immunity for state agents have declined.

Overall, amnesties have increased in popularity since the 1990s and consequently, rather than trying to dissuade states from using this tool of transitional justice, this book argues that international actors should instead work to limit the more negative forms of amnesty by encouraging states to make them conditional and to introduce complementary programmes to repair the harm and prevent a repetition of the crimes.

Subjects:
Public International Law
Contents:
Introduction
Defining 'Amnesty'
Controversial Nature of Amnesty Laws
Amnesties, International Law and Legal Claims-making
Amnesties and the Views of Victims
Amnesties and Pragmatic Peacemaking
Amnesties and Dealing with the Past
Amnesty and Reconciliation
Trends in the Introduction of Amnesty Laws
Creating the Amnesty Law Database
Structure and Purpose of the Book
Part I Amnesties and Peacemaking: Context and Content
1. Enacting Amnesties
Introduction
How are Amnesty Laws Introduced?
Exercises of Executive Discretion
Negotiated Peace Agreements
Statutes
Public Consultation
Why Do States Introduce Amnesty?
Amnesty as a Reaction to Internal Unrest and Domestic Pressure
Amnesty as a Tool for Peace and Reconciliation
Amnesty as a Response to International Pressure
Amnesty as a Cultural or Religious Tradition
Amnesty as Reparation
Amnesty as a Shield for State Agents
Repeated and 'Rolling' Amnesties
Conclusion
2. Whom do Amnesties Protect? The Personal Jurisdiction of Amnesty Laws
Introduction
Amnesties, Equality and the 'Myth of Equivalency'
How have States Distinguished between Offenders with Different Allegiances?
State Agents
Opponents of the State
Non-Violent Political Prisoners
Exiles and Refugees
Foreign Nationals
Can an Offender's Reasons for Committing a Crime Justify an Amnesty?
Ideology and Political Offenders
Duress
Self Protection and Personal Gain
Victim–Perpetrator Axis
Importance of Rank: Should States distinguish different Levels of Responsibility
Amnesty for Subordinates?
Amnesty for Superiors?
Individual v Blanket Amnesties
Can Amnesties Prevent Individuals from Proving their Innocence?
Conclusion
3. Granting Immunity? The Material Scope of Amnesty Laws
Introduction
Which Crimes Are Granted Amnesty?
Amnestying Atrocities? Can States Amnesty Crimes under International Law?
Should Amnesties Treat Political Crimes Differently?
Impinging on Individual Rights: Amnesties for Crimes Against Civilians and Combatants who are Hors de Combat
Do States Amnesty Economic Crimes?
Restricting Amnesties and the Scope of the Duty to Prosecute
Conclusion
4. Towards Greater Accountability: The Role of Conditional Amnesties
Introduction
Which Conditions are Attached to Amnesties?
Amnesty for Surrender and Disarmament
Application Deadlines for Amnesties
Amnesty and Repentance
Amnesty and the Search for Truth
Amnesty and Repairing the Harm
Amnesty and Restorative Approaches to Justice
Lustration and Vetting Procedures and Amnesty
Enforcing Conditions and the Potential of Temporary Amnesties
Conclusion
Part II Approach of Courts to Amnesties
5. Implementing the Amnesty: The Approach of National Courts
Introduction
Trends in the Responses of National Courts to Amnesty Laws
How have National Courts explained their Approach to Amnesty Laws?
Legality of Amnesty Processes Under Municipal Law
Legality of Amnesty Processes Under International Law
Adhering to the Separation of Powers Doctrine
Learning from Experiences Elsewhere
Promoting Peace and Reconciliation
Disclosing or Concealing the Truth
Conclusion
6. International Courts and National Amnesty Laws
Introduction
Whom do International Courts Hold Accountable?
Who has Standing?
When do International Courts have Jurisdiction to Rule on National Amnesties?
Potential to Create Change: How the Rulings of International Courts Can Affect National Amnesties?
Amnesties and Victims' Rights: The Verdicts of the International Courts
Right to a Remedy
Duty to Investigate
Duty to Prosecute and Punish
Right to Reparations
Potential Approach of the International Criminal Court
Security Council Deferral (Article 16)
Complementarity (Article 17)
Non bis in idem (Article 20)
Prosecutorial Discretion (Article 53)
Conclusion
7. Beyond Territoriality: Transnational Prosecutions and Amnesties
Introduction
Jurisdiction of Courts in Third States to Rule on Amnesties Introduced Elsewhere
Treaty Law
Customary International Law
Domestic Law
Scope of Universal Jurisdiction within Third States
Role of Subsidiarity
Executive Discretion
'Nexus Requirement' and In Absentia Prosecutions
Selectivity
'Ripple Effect': The Impact of Investigations in Third States on National Amnesties
Conclusion
Part III Views of Stakeholder Groups
8. Legal Obligations v Self-interest: The Contradictory Approach of International Actors to Amnesty
Introduction
What Motivates International Actors' Decisions on Involvement in Domestic Amnesty Processes?
Attitudes of International Actors towards Amnesties
Diplomatic Pressure
Economic Pressure
Legal Pressure
Military Pressure
Conclusion
9. Prioritising Needs: Amnesties and the Views of Victims
Introduction
Research on Victims
Identifying Victims and their Needs
How do Amnesty Laws Affect Victims?
How can Amnesty Laws Be Made More Responsive

Series: Hart Studies in International Law

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Accounting for Hunger: The Right to Food in the Era of Globalization ISBN 9781849462266
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International Humanitarian Law and Terrorism ISBN 9781849461375
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Reflections on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ISBN 9781841138787
Published January 2011
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Contracting with Sovereignty: State Contracts and International Arbitration ISBN 9781841136578
Published January 2011
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Published June 2010
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Africa: Mapping New Boundaries in International Law
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Published June 2010
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The Democratic Legitimacy of International Law ISBN 9781841138176
Published June 2010
Hart Publishing
£120.00
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Sovereignty and the Stateless Nation: Gibraltar in the Modern Legal Context ISBN 9781841139166
Published October 2009
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Human Dignity and the Foundations of International Law ISBN 9781841133577
Published June 2009
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Counterterrorism: Democracy’s Challenge ISBN 9781841138183
Published July 2008
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Africa: Mapping New Boundaries in International Law
Edited by: Jeremy Levitt
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Published March 2008
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Forced Migration, Human Rights and Security
Edited by: Jane McAdam
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Published March 2008
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£80.00
Human Security and International Law: Prospects and Problems ISBN 9781841136103
Published December 2007
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£85.00
Biotechnologies and International Human Rights ISBN 9781841137032
Published February 2007
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£120.00
Transnational Corporations and Human Rights ISBN 9781841136530
Published September 2006
Hart Publishing
£140.00
Biotechnology and International Law ISBN 9781841136318
Published June 2006
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£130.00
Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation ISBN 9781841135816
Published May 2006
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£49.99
Enforcing International Law Norms Against Terrorism
Edited by: Andrea Bianchi
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Published November 2005
Hart Publishing
£69.99
Regional Organisations and Development of Collective Security ISBN 9781841134802
Published November 2004
Hart Publishing
£95.00
Enforcing International Law Norms Against Terrorism
Edited by: Andrea Bianchi
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Published July 2004
Hart Publishing
£150.00
The Permanent International Criminal Court ISBN 9781841132815
Published March 2004
Hart Publishing
£90.00
The Chapter VII Powers of the United Nations Security Council ISBN 9781841134222
Published January 2004
Hart Publishing
£130.00
Toxics and Transnational Law: International and European Regulation of Toxic Substances as Legal Symbolism
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Published June 2003
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